Sulfotransferases: SULT Genes, Phase II Detoxification, and Sulfur
The SULT genes help with phase II detoxification of estrogens, neurotransmitters, certain carcinogens, and steroid hormones.
Phase II detoxification
Phase II detoxification is the second step in the body’s process of eliminating toxins and harmful substances. During this phase, enzymes modify the toxins that have undergone Phase I detoxification, making them more water-soluble and easier to excrete from the body.
The main reactions involved in Phase II detoxification include conjugation processes such as glucuronidation (UGT genes), sulfation (SULT genes), acetylation (NAT genes), and glutathione conjugation (GST genes). These reactions attach specific molecules to the toxins, transforming them into less harmful and more readily eliminable compounds.
Nrf2 Pathway: Increasing the Body’s Ability to Get Rid of Toxins
The Nrf2 (Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor) signaling pathway regulates the expression of antioxidants and phase II detoxification enzymes. It is a fundamental pathway important in how well your body functions. Your genetic variants in the NFE2L2 gene impact this NRF2 pathway.
Glucuronidation: UGT Genetic Variants, Detoxification, and Hormone Balance
The UGT family of enzymes is responsible for an important part of phase II detoxification. This article explains what the UGT enzymes do in the body, how your genes impact this part of detoxification, and lifestyle factors that can increase or decrease this detox process.
NQO1 Gene: Metabolism of Quinones, Benzene, and More
The NQO1 gene codes for an important enzyme in phase II detoxification. This enzyme is responsible for metabolizing the cancer-causing benzene (e.g. from air pollution) and cigarette toxins. Learn more and check your genes. (Member’s article)
GSTM1: GST Enzymes and Glutathione for Environmental Toxins
Exposure to many different man-made chemical compounds occurs every day, and our exposure to new toxicants exceeds what our ancestors experienced. Several common GST variants decrease the function of the GST enzymes.
SOD1 Gene: Your Antioxidant Defense System
Our body has built-in antioxidants that fight against cellular stress. The superoxide dismutase enzyme fights against oxidative stress in your cells.
NAT1 and NAT2: N-acetyltransferases and Phase II Detoxification
N-acetyltransferase is a phase II detoxification enzyme that gets rid of several types of toxicants. It helps your body eliminate aromatic amines, drugs, cigarette smoke, and carcinogens.