Vitamin C: Nutrigenomics, Transport, and Genetic Deficiency

Key takeaways:
~Vitamin C is used in multiple ways by the body. Deficiency can cause slow wound healing to bleeding gums or even fatigue.
~Most people get the minimum amount of vitamin C needed to stave off scurvy, but optimizing your vitamin C intake can improve your skin, optimize your immune system, and even help to prevent heart disease.
~ Genetics play a role in how vitamin C is absorbed, transported, and used by the body. This can influence your risk for certain diseases, and it can make a difference in the optimal amount of vitamin C you need to consume each day.

Vitamin C: functions, deficiency, and supplementation

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) has a variety of functions in the body. It is an antioxidant, as well as a co-factor in many important enzyme reactions, including the synthesis of collagen, carnitine, and some neurotransmitters. It is also important in regulating the absorption of iron and in immune function.[ref]

Antioxidant – or pro-oxidant:
As an antioxidant, vitamin C donates an electron to do what is known in chemistry terms as ‘reducing an oxidant’. But vitamin C as an antioxidant isn’t quite as simple as the basic chemistry would imply. When ascorbic acid donates an electron to a metal, such as copper or iron, it can lead to the production of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, both of which are reactive oxygen species. Thus, in the body, vitamin C can act as an antioxidant or can cause the creation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), depending on the level and tissue concentration.[ref]

Within the body’s organs, the adrenals, brain, pituitary, spleen, eyes, and liver contain the highest levels of vitamin C. High levels of vitamin C are also found in neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, and platelets – all are important in the immune response.[ref]

Vitamin C as a cofactor:

Ascorbate (vitamin C) acts as an essential cofactor for many different enzymes. Notably, vitamin C is a cofactor for HIF1a (hypoxia-inducible factor), which controls several different genes and is important in tumor growth, heart disease, lung diseases, and diabetes.

Additionally, vitamin C is a cofactor for several of the enzymes needed for collagen synthesis, and this becomes important when looking at the symptoms of deficiency.[ref]

Absorbing and transporting vitamin C:

Most plants and animals make vitamin C and thus don’t need to get it through food.

Humans, and some other primates, are the exception. We cannot make vitamin C and have to rely on food sources. It is thought that since people used to be regularly infected with parasitic worms, we used to get vitamin C from the worms…

When vitamin C is consumed – either through foods or through supplements – the specific transporters allow the absorption of vitamin C into the cells of the intestine wall and then into the bloodstream for transport throughout the body.

These vitamin C transporters are then needed for moving ascorbate from the bloodstream into the cells. Additionally, a glucose transporter (GLUT1) can transport the reduced form of vitamin C into cells, which can be recycled back into the ascorbate form.[ref]

What happens when you don’t get enough vitamin C?

There are several major diseases associated with low vitamin C levels – with symptoms ranging from mild annoyances to, well… death from scurvy.

Symptoms of vitamin C deficiency can include:

• slow wound healing
• gingivitis – bleeding gums
• feeling lethargic or depressed
• bleeding easily, such as nosebleeds
• loose teeth
• hair loss or corkscrew hairs
• petechia (small red dots on skin)
• muscle pain, weakness

Scurvy is often the first thing to come to mind with vitamin C deficiency. Made famous by sailors who went months at sea with no fresh fruits or vegetables, scurvy is caused by a vitamin C deficiency that lasts a month or more.

Symptoms of scurvy include fatigue, bleeding gums, easy bruising, poor wound healing, and bone pain. Vitamin C is needed in the synthesis of collagen, so the symptoms of scurvy are almost all related to defective collagen in the skin, blood vessels, and bones.[ref]

Vitamin C intake of less than 10 mg/day can lead to scurvy. This is rare to find in most modern countries unless someone is eating a limited diet. In the US, the average vitamin C intake from food is around 100mg/day.[ref]

Low vitamin C (but not to the point of scurvy):

Lower levels of vitamin C consumption are also associated with an increased risk of several major diseases, including cardiovascular disease, gout, and stomach cancer.

Cardiovascular disease:
A higher intake of vitamin C is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. Higher plasma vitamin C levels (whether due to genetics or due to higher fruit and vegetable intake) is associated with a reduced risk of both heart disease and overall mortality. [ref]

Stomach cancer:
A higher vitamin C intake decreases the risk of stomach cancer.[ref] Stomach cancer is now the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide.[ref] The link between vitamin C and gastric cancer may be due to the influence of vitamin C on gastric mucosa and on h. pylori replication. H. pylori are the bacteria that can cause gastric cancer and ulcers.[ref]

Gout:
Higher plasma vitamin C levels are linked to lower plasma urate levels and a lower risk of gout.[ref]

Neurodegenerative diseases and Alzheimer’s:
Vitamin C is important for glucose and lactate metabolism in the brain. This plays an essential role for vitamin C in neurodegenerative disorders and cognition in aging.[ref][ref][ref] For people with APOE4 (Alzheimer’s risk allele), genetic variants that cause decreased vitamin C absorption are associated with a 2-fold increase in the risk of cognitive decline.[ref]

Immune response:
Higher levels of vitamin C help to protect against pathogens such as HPV, the flu, and other viruses. Vitamin C is important for the production of interferon, which is the immune system’s first line of defense against viral pathogens.[ref][ref][ref][ref]

Wound healing and eye health:
Vitamin C is important in wound healing, and higher levels of vitamin C may help with the repair of the cornea.[ref]

What do your genes have to do with your vitamin C levels?

The amount of vitamin C that you absorb from food varies for people with genetic variants in the transporters for vitamin C (SLC23A1, SLC23A2 genes). For example, when you and your friend eat an orange, your friend may absorb twice as much vitamin C as you do.

Why is this important?
Understanding the different genetic variants that impact vitamin C levels can also be used to determine the effect of vitamin C on different diseases. When researchers discover that a certain variant causes low vitamin C levels and that same variant is linked to gastric cancer, it adds to the evidence that low vitamin C levels increase the risk of gastric cancer.[ref][ref]

SLC23A1 and SLC23A2 are the genes that code for the two vitamin C transporters. Variants in these genes are linked to altered risk of gastric cancer, cardiovascular disease, dementia, and more. The highest variation in these vitamin C transporters is found in African populations. This may be because there has traditionally been an abundance of vitamin C-containing foods in the region, and thus the genetic variants didn’t have as much of a negative effect in these areas of abundance.[ref]

What can boosting your vitamin C do for you?

Vitamin C has been studied for every disease under the sun – with a wide range of results. Here are a few highlights:

A meta-analysis of studies using IV vitamin C in ICU patients found that it decreased the length of stay in the ICU by about 8%. Additionally, vitamin C reduces the length of time on a mechanical ventilator by 17%. The researchers commented that even though the 8% decrease in ICU time isn’t huge, the cost of vitamin C is dirt cheap and thus very cost-effective here.[ref]

Supplementing with vitamin C (oxaloacetate 100mg / ascorbic acid 150 mg) cut depression and anxiety rates by more than half for women suffering from PMS. That is a pretty big impact from just taking some vitamin C.[ref]

A meta-analysis of several trials shows that vitamin C supplementation reduces the risk of cancer mortality by about 20%.[ref]

Studies on vitamin C for reducing the risk of the common cold show various results – depending on the study group and the amount of vitamin C taken. One recent study on Korean army personnel found that 6g of vitamin C per day reduced the risk of colds by 80%.[ref] Note that the dose was 6 g (6000 mg) per day, so it may be that high doses of vitamin C are more effective for reducing colds. This is also a dose that may cause “intestinal discomfort” for some people.

There have been quite a few studies (dating back to 1986) showing that intravenous vitamin C reduces mortality in both sepsis and ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome). The more recent trials show pretty dramatically that IV vitamin C reduces mortality in sepsis (e.g., a 14% mortality rate for those on IV vitamin C vs. 64% without).[ref]

Vitamin C and Cancer: A complex picture

A 2019 review article in the journal Nature Cancer explains that some anticancer properties of vitamin C need to be further investigated with high-quality clinical trials. This review article explains that high doses of vitamin C given intravenously can be cytotoxic to some types of cancer cells.

Important here is that there is no way to get vitamin C levels high enough to cause cancer cell death through oral doses due to the saturation of the transporters in the intestines. The Nature review article goes on to explain that in healthy cells, most vitamin C is transported using the vitamin C transporters (SLC23A1, SLC23A2), but in cancer cells, the reduced form of vitamin C is brought into the cells at 10-20 times greater rate through the glucose transporters (GLUT1, GLUT3). This is due to low concentrations of the reduced form of vitamin C in cancer cells, driving the uptake of more. Researchers think that this increased uptake of vitamin C, along with iron in the cancer cell, generates a lot of H₂O₂ (Hydrogen peroxide), which can kill the cancer cell.[ref]

Negative studies on vitamin C for cancers.

Not everyone benefits from high doses of vitamin C. These recent clinical trials show some different situations in which your oncologist may recommend vitamin C:

• In leukemia, vitamin C levels are low. Increasing vitamin C may depend on how well your GLUT3 transporters (SLC2A3 gene) work.[ref]
• A recent (May 2020) study shows that vitamin C plus a fasting-mimicking diet may be effective in KRAS-mutant colon cancers. The fasting-mimicking diet downregulates certain genes, increasing the effectiveness of vitamin C reacting with iron to create oxidative stress that kills the cancer cell.[ref]
• In thyroid cancer cells, blood glucose levels may play a role in how much vitamin C is brought into the cell. High glucose levels don’t allow the GLUT1 and GLUT3 transporters to bring in vitamin C.[ref]
• Another recent study found that supplement vitamin C (oral) enhanced the effect of treatment (DNMTi-treatment) on blood cancers.[ref]

My two cents: If you have cancer and are discussing IV vitamin C with your doctor, consider the role that glucose levels play in whether vitamin C will be taken into the cancer cells via GLUT1. Talk with your oncologist about dietary options for lowering glucose (e.g., keto diet, diabetes drugs) and see if that would be helpful in your situation.

Testing Vitamin C levels:

Various nutritional blood test panels will measure vitamin C levels. Generally, less than 0.2 mg/dl is considered deficient to the point of causing scurvy.[ref] But keep in mind that vitamin C levels fluctuate throughout the day, so it makes a big difference in your levels depending on the time of day when getting the testing done.

Lifehacks:

I hope you come away from this article with a realization that vitamin C is essential and needed for preventing various chronic health conditions (especially cardiovascular problems) as well as being important in the immune response. We are all different, though, in how much vitamin C we need each day.

How much do you need?

The US RDA for vitamin C is 60mg per day, which is just a little higher than what is needed to prevent scurvy (46mg/day). Many sources recommend getting more than the US RDA, and studies on cardiovascular disease indicate that a higher intake benefits heart health.

At the high end of the recommendation scale, the Vitamin C Foundation recommends 3000 mg/day.[ref] A little more conservatively, the Linus Pauling Institute recommends 400 mg/day.

All of those recommendations on intake are very general and don’t take into account your own personal genetic variants. If you carry several of the variants linked to low vitamin C levels, you may want to increase your intake – and spread it out over the course of the day.

Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin and non-toxic, so excess vitamin C is eliminated and doesn’t build up. You (and your bathroom) will know when you’ve had too much. The term ‘personal bowel tolerance’ applies here. Some people can take vast amounts of vitamin C orally without intestinal troubles, but for others, more than a couple of grams can cause, well… rumbling.

Eat your fruits and vegetables:

Excellent food sources of vitamin C include oranges, grapefruit, kiwi, strawberries, tomatoes, and red peppers.

Supplement Research on types of Vitamin C:

Related Articles and Topics:

Vitamin D: Shedding Light on the Genetics of Vitamin D Levels
Your vitamin D levels are impacted by sun exposure – and your genes. Learn more about how vitamin D is made in the body and how your genetic variants impact your levels (Member’s article)

Converting Beta Carotene to Vitamin A
Genetics plays a huge role in how well you convert the carotenes into retinol. Some people are great at converting beta-carotene in their diet into the retinol form. Others carry genetic variants that significantly impair that conversion.

Vitamin B12: Genes that impact your need for B12
Several genes can influence your absorption, transport, and need for vitamin B12. Some people need higher amounts of B12, and some people thrive on different forms of B12. Take a look at your genetic data to see if you should up your intake of B12.